Toyotas Production System

The Toyota production system is one of the most efficient production systems in the world. The efficiency of Toyota production system makes it one of the most studied production system in the world. Thousands of managers have attempted to replicate the production system in their own companies. One of the major characteristics of Toyota production system is that it empowers employees to be in control of their activities. Toyota ensures that improvements start at the lowest possible level within the company.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Toyota’s Production System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Toyota strives to ensure that it has an ideal production system. According to the company, an ideal system should have defect free products. Toyota ensures that its employees have skills that would enable them produce defect free products within a short time. Toyota retrains or replaces workers who fail to meet t his condition. In addition, Toyota strives to reduce the batch size of its production cycle. Smaller batches reduce wastage and increase the efficiency of the production . Toyota’s just-in-time production strategy helps the company minimize wastage of labor, energy and other resources (Spear Bowen, 1999). Reducing the amount of inventory reduces the cost of managing the inventory. This increases the efficiency of the company (Ohno, 2002). Continuous development of Toyota’s production system makes it difficult for companies to emulate the production system. Toyota uses the scientific method in formulating developments in its production systems. Developments in the production system begin with the formulation of a hypothesis. The hypothesis determines the objective of the improvements in the production system (Spear Bowen, 1999). Employees design an experiment on how to undertake the improvements. This enables them to simulate the improvements. Simulations usually take place in reality. Whenever possible, Toyota undertakes the simulations in the workplace. When it is impossible to test the ideas in the real world, the company recreates the work area to test the idea. Simulation enables operators and supervisors detect areas that need further improvements (Liker, 2011). Toyota’s production system arranges all production processes in a single, smooth flow. Just-in-time production enables the company produce the right quantity of a product at the right time. This reduces wastage in the production system. Just-in-time production system ensures that Toyota has lean operations. In addition, employees of the company implement various improvements in their works. Proper implementation of changes in the production process is one of the key objectives of a lean production system (Ohno, 2002). Ensuring that employees initiate various changes eases the implementation process. One of the key features of a lean production system is that it establishes a time frame for each process within the production cycle. Toyota links its pace of production with the demand (Ohno, 2002). This reduces the amount of inventory, and the time it takes for the customer to receive motor vehicles after placing an order.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lean production systems have continuous flow processes. Toyota strives to reduce the batch sizes to create a continuous flow production process. The company ensures that it produces one vehicle at a time to create continuity in its production process (Ohno, 2002). This reduces the time lag of the production process. In addition, continuous flow process makes optimum use of the available labor. This ultimately reduces the cost of production. Toyota’s production system enables the company to produce high quality vehicles in a cost effective manner. However, the efficiency of the production s ystem is highly depedent on the ability of the employees to undertake their activities efficiently. References Liker, J. (2011). The Toyota way: Management principles and fieldbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Ohno, T. (2002). The Toyota production system. London: Productivity Press. Spear, S. Bowen, H.K. (1999). Decoding the DNA of Toyota production system. Harvard Business Review, 77(5), 97-106. This report on Toyota’s Production System was written and submitted by user Mathew E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Speech for Graduation

How to Write a Speech for Graduation You may think that writing a speech is one of the easiest tasks ever, but there’s so much pressure on you to make your piece truly stand out. This is especially true if the other graduate speakers over the years have delivered strong pieces that are too good to be forgotten easily. Luckily, you are on the right page. The following lines will help you write a speech that no one will forget any time soon. The Ideal Outline for Graduation Speeches After selecting a topic for your graduation speech (check our 7 facts about famous speakers who gave a graduation speech and 20 topics for a graduation speech), you need to organize your ideas and create your first draft according to the following outline. Begin by thanking the previous speaker who introduced you. Introduce yourself with your name. (Optional) Share a motivational quote and explain how it connected with your class’ experiences Share a relevant story that brought the class together and makes them excited about their future. Provide some good advice to your classmates to inspire them for years to come. Encourage the students to remember the good times they’ve spent at your school. Recall the motivational quote/story you began with and then add a call-to-action that encourages students to go out and make a difference. Conclude with a thank you and best wishes. Additional Tips to Get it Right There is no strict outline for you to follow. Therefore, you can use the above as you deem necessary. However, you definitely need to use the following tips to get this right. Focus on Grabbing the Attention of Everyone Present You do not want to give a speech that only attracts half of your audience. In addition to reducing the efficiency of your speech, it will demotivate you as you deliver what you believed is a great speech. Unfortunately, not everyone wants to hear about the potential opportunities available for those who work hard or about what awaits them after graduation. So, make a speech for all; something that everyone will enjoy. Add Humor if You Can Without Offending Others Google the top graduation speeches and you will see that a majority of them had humor in them. In fact, Will Ferrell’s commencement speech at Harvard was entirely humorous. However, that is what people would come to expect from a comedian. If you want to give a light hearted speech, but do not know how, the best point to add humor is while talking about the challenges of life. Soften the blow a bit with very light humor, but do not overdo it. Write Your Speech Systematically Create segments of your speech and end each one on a high note. Give your audience something to talk about days after the graduation ceremony. The best way to do that is to insert relatable examples and quotes. Do not overwhelm them with information. Try to list down all the segments you wish to hit in the form of bullet points and then formulate paragraph(s) around them. Do Not Think You Are Smarter Than the Audience Your speech should not sound as if you are teaching the audience something. It should be about inspiring them. Therefore, the tone of the text should never reflect that you are a know-it-all. It would sound very demeaning and pretentious because you yourself are just a student. Write your speech around the fact that you yourself are a little bit scared and a whole lot excited about the life awaiting you outside the university walls. Remember to integrate these in your outline and you will definitely produce a masterpiece.

A Little Bit of Truth Essay Essay Example for Free

A Little Bit of Truth Essay Essay ? For a week, six days in a row I went snowboarding. It was then that I thought where did the snow come from. At first I thought of â€Å"god† but of course there were no gods there are only spirits! So later on that day I thought of a weird and crazy Native American story. It had a little bit of truth with some personifications and a weird and crazy reason for why things were. So this is it. When the world was created the sheep said to their mother cow, â€Å"Why is there always rain we want something warmer†? The big, fat, and ugly mother cow snorted with her big partly abomination snout. Then she spoke with her vampire teeth that scared everyone including her (when she looked in the mirror). â€Å"You want something other than my humble and awesome rain†? she paused for a second thinking about her next statement, and then she finally said â€Å"OK I’ll give you snow† and now this is why sheep love snow. But this isn’t the end, yet there is more to come. Instead of being really mean the mother cow didn’t just punish her kid sheep, she created a short summer and fall and spring this was only because inside she had a pigs heart including the cows heart and that is why the snow melts and arrives. My theory is very reasonable and that is why you should believe in this also the wind god told me this while I was on the mountain. In conclusion my theory has truth and the wind got told me I wasn’t crazy, so you have to believe. A Little Bit of Truth Essay. (2016, Dec 09).

Phlebotomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Phlebotomy - Essay Example Professionalism is required while medical assistants work with patients. Therefore, efficiency, competence and a show of concern to patient needs and feelings are crucial (Lindh, Poole, Tamparo, & Dahl, 2010). A phlebotomist should understand the blood circulatory system and the composition of blood so as to be able to collect blood from an individual or patient. For instance, blood forms in the body organs, and bone marrow is responsible for the formation of blood cells. Blood is produced in sites such as the spleen, thymus and the lymph nodes (Lindh, Poole, Tamparo, & Dahl, 2010). Blood performs crucial functions in the body such as transporting oxygen to body tissues and organs and removing carbon dioxide from such organs and tissues, the waste product of functions of the organs and tissues. In addition, blood carries nutrients to all parts of the body and removes wastes products, which it moves to organs such as the kidney, lungs, liver and the skin for excretion (Lindh, Poole, Tamparo, & Dahl, 2010). Components of the blood circulatory system include the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries. The heart is responsible for the pumping of blood through the body in arteries, veins and capillaries (Lindh, Poole, Tamparo, & Dahl, 2010). Arteries enable blood to flow away from the heart while blood flows into the heart through veins. Capillaries connect veins and arteries. Arteries are thick walled to enable them withstand pressure, and they normally branch to form arterioles which also branch to form capillaries (Lindh, Poole, Tamparo, & Dahl, 2010). Capillaries join to form venules which supply blood back to the veins. Blood is composed of the liquid part which is plasma, red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells (Hoeltke, 2013). The circulatory is divided into two systems and these are the pulmonary system and the systemic system. Blood is circulated to the lungs for enrichment

St.Regis Doha 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

St.Regis Doha 2 - Essay Example It offers butler service to every client that books a stay at the hotel in a bid to ensure maximum customized service to each client. They achieved this through creation of St. Regis Butler Service. The Butlers wait on the guests throughout the entire stay. They serve all sorts of beverages at guest’s convenience. Guests have varied service choices from wake-up calls with breakfast, daily newspaper services and basic housekeeping services. Guests in Superior Rooms, Grand Deluxe Rooms and Junior Suites receive complimentary coffee and tea on arrival. Guests in any Suite type receive complimentary coffee and tea throughout the stay. The Butlers unpack for guests as they relax or pack for them as they leave. They also offer free garment pressing and folding of two items a day. Additional items are charged (St. Regis, 2011). Apart from butlers, the establishment employs professional chefs for various dish cultures, waiters, and security men, cleaning staffs, management and other m aintenance labor. They obtain their supplies locally or from the international market. Marketing is mostly through advertisements and participation in local and global activities (Scott, 2013). The hotel targets clients visiting for leisure and business purposes. It has 4,000 square meters of conference and meeting space, a number of restaurants, lounges and bars. The restaurants include Gordon Ramsey, a famous collection of restaurants at St. Regis Doha with different rooms having completely different but beautifully unique breathtaking decorations. The hotel offers Remedy Spa, private treatment services that have 22 rooms set aside for the purpose. The hotel price different packages differently. Each package has its own customized services but is flexible as well (St. Regis, 2011). Qatar witnesses great inflow of tourists throughout the year. Tourism in Qatar is on a steady growth rate since 2010. According to Qatar Tourism Authority report on (2013), years 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 experienced a constant 12 percent tourist’s increase. Fiscal Q.1 2013 indicates figures slightly below 11 percent but fiscal year is not yet over. Qatar authorities made it clear in the recent past that their target market is high-income earners and not low or mid-income tourists. Therefore, they focus on business travel and high luxury retreats. Despite this discriminatory approach, tourists flock the State at an increasing rate. However, the income ranges of the tourists are not known. Between 2010 and 2013, 10% more visitors came from around the globe rather than from around the region. The report also indicates that hotel sector at Qatar is growing at a high rate. Currently, 110 hotels are under construction, which upon completion will increase the total capacity of hotels from 13,407 rooms to 19,931 rooms (QTA, 2013). Table four: Porter’s five forces analysis of St. Regis Doha Strategic scope The increasing growth of tourists ensures a steady market for St. Regis Doha-both business visitors and luxury seekers. Strategic strength The facility has a number of advantages that strengthen its operations and service provision. They include 336 guest rooms, 58 suites, a collection of restaurants, lounges and bars, butler services and scenic attractions. New entrants threat Qatar is a dynamically growing economic region. Expanded business options attract more people to the region leading to increased hotel industry

New and Distinctive Set of Values Essay Example for Free

New and Distinctive Set of Values Essay To what extent and for what reasons did New Labour succeed in introducing a new and distinctive set of values to the conduct of Britain’s external relations between 1997 and 2010? Introduction As John Rentoul has observed in his biography of Tony Blair, â€Å"Prime Ministers always run their own foreign policy† (Rentoul, 2001: 420). This was certainly true of Tony Blair and New Labour. That itself is a reason why Britain’s external relations in the shape of New Labour’s foreign policy can only be properly understood by reference to the foreign policy philosophy espoused by Blair and his response to world events during his leadership over three terms in office. In New Labour’s third term (2005-10) the interventionist policy that dominated the previous two terms qwas an important hangover even to Gordon Brown’s premiership, although, ultimately Brown’s period as leader was dominated by the global finical crisis. On the eve of the Labour party’s 1997 election victory John Major’s Conservative government had little credibility with the Clinton administration in Washington or with European governments (Wallace, 2005: 54). This was a position that the new Prime Minister, Tony Blair wanted to address. At the Lord Mayor’s Banquet on 10 November 1997 Blair set out five guiding lights on Europe including being a leading partner in Europe. He postulated that the single currency would be â€Å"good for the EU† (Lord Mayors Banquet, 1997). For Blair, British foreign policy should aim to be â€Å"strong in Europe and strong with the US†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that Britain was â€Å"the bridge between the US and Europe† (Lord Mayors Banquet, 1997). At the same venue, on 22 November 1999, Blair implicitly invoked Winston Churchill’s â€Å"three circles† doctrine that conjured up Britain’s relationship with the Commonwealth, the special relationship with the United States and the European dimension. According to Churchill Britain was the pivot around whom these relationships were to exist. Blair, accepting that the British Commonwealth was a â€Å"lost† Empire argued that Britain’s role was that of a pivotal power, as a power that was at â€Å"the crux of the alliances and  international politics which shape the world and its future† (Lord Mayors Banquet, 1997). The intention in this essay is to focus on certain fundamental aspects of New Labour foreign policy that impacted on British relationships with Europe and the World at large. The primary focus will be on the so-called â€Å"Blair Effect† simply because, as Prime Minister, he was pivotal to the New Labour philosophy. Europe As Anne Deighton has observed both the Labour and Conservative parties at various times have suffered internal dissension over the European Union (EU) (Deighton, 2007: 307). The focus of the Labour 1997 general election campaign on Europe was one where the Labour manifesto promised to â€Å"give Britain the leadership in Europe which Britain and Europe need† (Labour-party, 1997). It was important for the Labour party to highlight its commitment to Europe, in contrast to the tensions within the Conservative party. Europe apart, however, the 1997 election campaign did not highlight significant differences between the Labour and Conservative parties. There was an expectation that there would be â€Å"considerable continuity† in foreign affairs in the event of a change of government (Wickham-Jones, 2000: 8). Subsequently, in the course of New Labour’s first term in office Blair made regular pronouncements about Britain’s role in Europe. There was action as well as rhetoric. Shortly after taking office Britain ended its opt-out from the social chapter of the Maastricht Treaty and signed up to the increased EU powers enshrined in the Amsterdam Treaty. British presidency of the EU provided a ready platform for Britain to pursue an enlargement agenda. The St Malo summit in December 1998 provided Blair with a platform to collaborate with President Jacques Chirac of France to promote an Anglo-French initiative on European defence (fco.gov, 1998). This European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) has been described as part of â€Å"arguably the most pro-active upstream period of the Labour government’s utilitarian supranationalism† (Bulmer, 2008: 602). Notwithstanding Blair’s pivotal role  in the creation of the ESDP, it has been argued that, in comparison to Conservative policy on European Security and Defence, the Blair approach was less a seismic shift in British policy, and more of a change of strategy† (Dryburgh, 2010: 271). The essential change, in comparison to the Conservative party approach was one where Blair was prepared to adopt a leadership role in contrast to the former John Major government’s focus of diverting attention away from EU initiatives, and in the case of defence, a focus on the strengthening of NATO (Dryburgh, 2010: 267-268). The relationship between Blair and Gordon Brown was also relevant to the New Labour approach to Europe. On 27 October 1997 Gordon Brown announced the government’s policy on the Euro. This consisted on a three pronged policy that supported (a) a successful single currency, (b) that was constitutionally acceptable but (c) had to satisfy five economic tests (hm-treasury, 2008). This approach was allied to a commitment to hold a referendum on membership of the Euro. The â€Å"key determinant† (Bulmer, 2008: 601) of this policy was the economic tests that included whether joining the Euro would be good for employment. In the event, during Labour’s second term, on 9 June 2003 Gordon Brown announced that only one test was met that relating to a beneficial impact on UK financial services – a result that removed joining the Euro from the political agenda and, in a real sense, reduced New Labour’s pronouncements on the Euro as posturing and meaningless rheto ric. The reality of New Labour’s European strategy was not to alienate the support base that ultimately mattered – the British electorate. The UK was a Euro-sceptic member state of the EU and a UK government’s EU policy could not put at risk a parliamentary majority. The decoupling of the single currency allied to the promise of a referendum in that first term became a legacy of New Labour that has now achieved a degree of permanence that has survived through and beyond the 2010 election. The Blair and New Labour momentum on Europe stalled after the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers. The focus on the war on terror and the transatlantic alliance that was nurtured by the 9/11 attacks became an all encompassing distraction with the result that â€Å"Europe has been a central failure of his (Blair’s) premiership† (Riddell, 2005: 383). Ethical foreign policy On 12 May 1997 the then Foreign Secretary Robin Cook declared that â€Å"†¦foreign policy must have an ethical dimension and must support the demands of other people for the democratic rights on which we insist for ourselves† (Rentoul, 2001: 421). Cook denied ever using the phrase â€Å"ethical foreign policy† or that there would be an ethical foreign policy (Wickam-Jones, 2000: 29). What is undeniable is that New Labour, through Cook, viewed human rights as a central plank of foreign policy because human rights were rights â€Å"we claim for ourselves and which we therefore have a duty to defend for those who do not get to enjoy them† (Wickham-Jones, 2000: 11). This ethical dimension served to identify â€Å"clear blue water† between New Labour’s foreign policy and previous administrations, including previous Labour governments (Little, 2000: 4). Furthermore, although the concept of an â€Å"ethical dimension† was articulated by Cook, it chimed with Blair’s â€Å"third way† in the sense that globalisation demanded an approach to the modern world that was â€Å"qualitatively different from the past† (Williams, 2010: 54). The â€Å"ethical dimension,† however, was converted by media sources into an â€Å"ethical foreign policy† and served to create the sense that New Labour â€Å"were introducing ethics to a sphere of government that was previously devoid of ethical commitments† (Williams, 2010:57). Such a lofty ambition was impossible to achieve in the real political world. This philosophy created a platform on which criticism could be levelled to contrast the reality with the aspiration, for example, in connection with the arms trade where New Labour continued a policy that was a â€Å"highly permissive approach to exports† (Cooper, 2001: 73). The ethical dimension strategy became a â€Å"millstone† (Williams, 2010: 61) around the Foreign Secretary’s neck. It is worthy of note that the New Labour manifesto for the 2001 general election with its foreign policy focus on â€Å"Britain strong in the world† (REF) was designed to herald a change in focus. Kosovo and beyond. Blair’s Chicago speech (number-10.gov, 1999) on 22 April 1999 was an important landmark in New Labour’s external relationships. It represented a key moment in â€Å"the history of liberal interventionist discourse†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Daddow, 2009: 549). Active involvement in other people’s conflicts was justified if five considerations were satisfied, including exhausting all diplomatic options and being sure of the case for intervention. This interventionist approach relied on the notion that there was a moral dimension to international action that did not depend on the norms of international law. The backdrop to the speech was what Blair described as â€Å"a just war† in Kosovo that was â€Å"based not on any territorial ambitions but on values.† Blair’s vision of success whereby an international force would enter Kosvo and allow refugees to return to their homes was ultimately realised. His strident crusade to provoke NATO and the US President Clinton into action was seen as a triumph that â€Å"earned him great respect with so many of the world leaders† (Rentoul, 2001). Following the September 11 attacks Blair reinforced his interventionist stance at the Labour Party Conference (2001) by declaring that, along with the United States, Britain had a â€Å"duty† to protect the rights of citizens of other states, including those of the Afghan people. On this approach, the carpet-bombing of Afghanistan could be claimed to be â€Å"an action undertaken on behalf of Afghan citizens† (Chandler, 2003: 307). What this policy omits is any real engagement with the Afghan people themselves and, at its crudest, becomes a recipe for innocent collateral loss of life. Iraq became the yardstick against which New Labour’s foreign policy particularly during its second term and the Blair legacy has come to be judged. Iraq was inextricably tied in with the so-called special relationship between Britain and the US and the humanitarian interventionist policy. The special relationship was not new and even today the special relationship has a â€Å"political and ideological superstructure and an embedded military and intelligence structure† (Wallace, 2009: 263). Yet under Blair there was unconditional support for the Bush administration’s desire to invade Iraq. Although the so-called â€Å"Poodle Theory† might be â€Å"simplistic and  at best, overstated† (Azubuike, 2005: 137) Blair was prepared to join Bush in pursuing a disastrous and illegal campaign (Azubuike, 2005: 137). Robin Cook perhaps best summarised the flaw in Blair’s approach – in explaining that by becoming a â€Å"trusty partner of the most reactionary US Administration in modern time† such an â€Å"unlikely alliance† would cause disruption in his own party (Cook, 2003: 2). The New Labour interventionist approach to conflict justified by humanitarian concerns that had proved successful in the past left a legacy that â€Å"turned to ashes† the Blair/New Labour vision of Britain that visualised â€Å"spreading good around the world† (Toynbee and Walker, 2005: p194). Gordon Brown as Prime Minister had to maintain the line that Blair’s foreign policy initiatives were justified because, as a central figure in New Labour he could not detach himself from the major foreign policy goals pursued by New Labour and Blair. Iraq and Afghanistan required to be managed. Conclusion The blueprint for New Labour external relations with a focus on leadership in Europe and an ethical dimension to world events in New Labour’s first term promised much, but by the third term was transformed into one where Europe became an intractable problem clouded by immigration and euro-scepticism. Furthermore, in Europe the New Labour policy of stringent economic tests became an agenda for non-entry to the euro. The New Labour policy of interventionism overlooked the fundamental truth that when it really mattered in Iraq and Afghanistan winning the war in a military sense became irrelevant if peace could not be secured thereafter. A humanitarian agenda without a secure peace becomes an agenda that lacks real morality. New Labour began with a positive external relations agenda that promised much but ultimately failed to deliver. Bibliography Azubuike, J. 2005. The â€Å"Poodle Theory† and the Anglo-American â€Å"Special Relationship†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ International studies, 42(2), pp. 123-139. Bulmer, S. 2008. New Labour, New European Policy? Blair, Brown and Utilitarian Supranationalism, Parliamentary Affairs, 61(4), pp. 597-620. Chandler, D. 2003. Rhetoric without responsibility: the attraction of ‘ethical’ foreign policy, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 5(3), pp. 295-316. Cook, R. 2004. The Point of Departure, Diaries from the Front Bench. London: Simon and Schuster UK Ltd. Cooper, N. 2000, Arms Exports New Labour and the Pariah Agenda, Contemporary Security Policy, 21(3), pp. 54-77. Daddow, O. 2009. Tony’s war? Blair, Kosovo and the interventionist impulse in British foreign policy, International Affairs, 85(3), pp. 547-560. Deighton, A. 2001. European Union Policy. In: A Seldon, ed. 2001. The Blair London: Little, Brown and Company. Ch.15. Dryburgh, L. 2010. Blair’s First Government (1997-2001) and European Security and Defence Policy: Seismic Shift or Adaptation?, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 12(2), pp. 257-273 Labour party manifesto, 1997. Archive of Labour Party Manifestos. [online]. Available at: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1997/1997-labour-manifesto.shtml [Accessed on 7 December 2014]. Rentoul, J., 2001. Tony Blair, Prime Minister London: Little, Brown and Company. Riddell, P. 2005. Europe. In: A. Seldon and D. Kavanagh, ed. 2005. The Blair Effect 2001-5, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ch.16. Wallace, W. 2005. The collapse of British foreign policy, International Affairs, 82(1), pp. 53-68. Wallace, W. and Phillips, C. 2009. Reassessing the special relationship, International Affairs, 85(2), pp. 263-284. Whitman, G. R. The Clam After the Storm? Foreign and Security Policy from Blair to Brown, Parliamentary Affairs, 63(4), pp. 834-848. Wickham-Jones, M. 2000. Labour’s trajectory in foreign affairs: the moral crusade of a pivotal power? In: R. Little and M. Wickham-Jones, ed. 2000. New Labours Foreign Policy, Manchester: Manchester University Press. Ch.1. Williams, P. 2010. The Rise and Fall of the ‘Ethical Dimension’: Presentation and Practice in New Labour’s Foreign Policy, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 15(1), pp. 53-63.

The Class Struggles of 18th and 19th Centuries in Europe Essay

The Class Struggles of 18th and 19th Centuries in Europe Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto in order to give a voice to the struggling classes in Europe. In the document he expressed the frustrations of the lower class. As Marx began his document with "the history of all hitherto societies has been the history of class struggles" he gave power to the lower classes and sparked a destruction of their opressors.1 He argued that during the nineteenth century Europe was divided into two main classes: the wealthy upper class, the bourgeoisie, and the lower working class, the proletariat. After years of suffering oppression the proletariats decided to use their autonomy and make a choice to gain power. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century the proletariats were controlled and oppressed by the bourgeoisie until they took on the responsibility of acquiring equality through the Communist Manifesto. First it is important to understand the French economy during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The working class people were struggling with their need to get by in life and feed their family and the internal call to make a choice and gain equality. The problem was that the proletariats did not have much of a choice at the time because if they did not work then they did not survive. The struggling class had to agree to what all the owners said and â€Å"whatever their status, the peasants continued to pay to their lord feudal dues on such land as they held on his estates." 2 It was clear that a social change was needed since the workers were being so abused and getting no reward for their efforts. The European society during the eighteenth and nineteenth century consisted of ... ...equality. WEB LINKS http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850-csf/csf.htm http://eh.net/Clio/Conferences/ASSA/Jan_99/hadeishi.shtml http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/towns.html http://gwis2.circ.gwu.edu/~yamashir/History.htm End Notes 1. Karl Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848 (France), 1. 2. John Lough, An Introduction to Eighteenth Century France (New York: David McKay Company Inc., 1960), 18. 3. Craig Calhoun, Habermas and the Public Sphere (London: The MIT Press, 1992), 187. 4. Lough, 53. 5. Gerhard Grempel, "The Eighteenth Century Town" The Eighteenth Century Town, <http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/towns.html> (October 1 2001). 6. Herbert Wilson, The Old Regime in France. (New York: Howard Fertig, 1970), 278.

Key Elements of a Valid Contract and Their Importance Essay

I. Task 1: Explain the different types of business agreement and importance of the key elements required for the formation of a valid contract. 1. Key elements of a valid contract and their importance: Contract is very important in the business to bind one or more parties with the others. Hence, contract is defined as an agreement which legally binds the parties[1]. Contract is also an agreement made between two or more parties that create rights and obligations enforceable by law. They have to follow all the conditions in contracts and can not break it. There are three basic requirements that need to be satisfied in order to make a contract: An agreement; consideration; intention and capacity 1.1.An agreement: 1.1.1.Offer: Offer is one of two parts of an agreement. An offer is defined promise to  be bound on specific terms[2]. Generally, it’s accompanied by an expected acceptance. Offeror is the person who making an offer. Offeree is the one who accepts the offer. For example, the offeror makes an offer to purchase a car. If the offeree agrees, there is an agreement between two parties. An invitation to treat is not an offer, it’s only the invitation the other to make an offer. For instance, the advertising goods for sale through television or newspaper. An offer can be withdrew before the offeree reaches the offer or revoked before offeree’s acceptance. 1.1.2.Acceptance: Acceptance of the offer is the qualified agreement to the terms of the offer[3]. An acceptance is in oral , writing or in other communications. When an offer has been made, no contract is formed until the offeree accepts the offer. In addition, acceptance must be final and unconditional and communicated to the offeror. According to postal rule, the acceptance occurs when the letter is posted. The postal rule is not apply to instantaneous mode of communication. 1.2. Consideration: Consideration is usually described as being something which represents either some benefit to the person making a promise( the promisor) or some detriment to the person to whom the promise is made( the promisee) or both[4]. A consideration can be executory (a promise in return for a promise) or executed (an act in return for a promise), but not past. For instance, in the case Roscorla & Thomas(1942)[5]. In addition, the consideration doesn’t have to be adequate but must be sufficient. Furthermore, consideration must be legal, clear, certain and not be illusory. 1.3.Intention to create legal relations and capacity to contract: Intention to create legal relations: there are two kinds of intention: Domestic Agreement and Commercial Agreement. In every domestic agreement between the people who have special relationship, there is no intention to create legal relations. If there is evidence of commercial substance in domestic agreements, there is intention to create legal relation. In contract, the commercial agreements are usually intended to be legally binding. Beside the agreement, consideration and  intention, there is also capacity to contract. Capacity refers to ability of parties to fully understand the rights and obligations of an agreement. However, there are some groups which are unable to enter into binding contract: Minors, drunkards, bankrupt, mentally incapacitated. 2. Different types of business agreement: There are two types of business agreement: consumer non-consumer. 2.1.Consumer:  A person will be considered as a customer if he doesn’t make the contract in business but the other parties make. The goods which customer buy must be use for private purpose. Consumers have legislative protection from unfair terms in consumer contracts. A supplier of goods or services can have an advantage over the consumer by including such an unfair term in a contract. however, consumer contracts are open to a test of fairness. Specifically, a consumer is a person who is buying a service or a product for themselves from someone whose normal business it is to sell that product or service. When you buy goods or services you enter into a contract with the supplier of goods and services. This is called a consumer contract. The example typical example is R&B customs Brokers and United Dominions Trust Ltd 1988[6], this case is considered as a consumer sale, the company is not in the course of business. 2.2.Non-consumer: Non- consumer contract is the contract which is made between two or more parties which are in the course of business. NN .;,LJLKLKMLMKLMKLM , M. For example, company A buy televisions from company B. the resell the products to customers and make a profit. In this case, the company A is considered as non-consumer. II. Claim 1: There are two parties in this case: Trung and supplier. Trung saw an advertisement in the local paper for nearly new machine. The advertisement read: â€Å" A cutting machine $7,000 or nearest offer. In good working order. Recently tested, approved and guaranteed by the Ministry of works. Delivered to your address if within a 15 mile radius of our address†. The  advertisement is an invitation to treat. Trung purchased the machine over the telephone and waited for delivery. An invoice was sent for 7,000$ and it was paid. In this case, the invitation to treat of supplier becomes an offer and Trung agreed to purchase it. It’s a good consideration between the supplier and Trung. Hence, there is a contract. However, the machine never arrived. In this situation, the supplier breach the contract. The supplier of the machine claimed that Trung should have paid for delivery and that he had sold it to another customer, Sam for 8,500$. The supplier is prepared to return Trung’s cheque for $7,000. Situation 1: The way from supplier’s place to Trung’s place is within a 15 miles. The supplier offered Trung to buy the machine and free delivery fee to his address if within a 15 miles radius of his address. In addition, the length of the way from Trung’s place to supplier’s place is 15 miles. Therefore, Trung can sue the supplier for breaching of the contract. Situation 2: The way from supplier’s place to Trung’s place is more than 15 miles. The supplier offered that the delivery fee will be free if the length of the delivery way is within 15 miles. However, the way from supplier’s place to Trung’s place is more than 15 miles. Thus, Trung must pay the delivery fee in order to own the machine. III. Claim 2: There are two parties in this case: Robert( the husband) and Theresa( the wife). Robert and Theresa are planning to divorce. They have spent their married life in a house which they bought in joint names, with the help of a mortgage which has six years still o run. Robert and Theresa agree that Robert will move out of the house and if Theresa meets the mortgage repayments for the next six years, Robert will, at the end of that time, transfer sole ownership of the house to her. There is a domestic agreement between Robert and Theresa. Hence, there is no legally binding between the couple. However, Theresa pays the mortgage for a year, at which point Robert says he has changed his mind, and doesn’t intend to transfer his share of the house to her. Thus, there is evidence of commercial substance of Robert. . It’s similar to the case Merritt& Merritt, 1970 6. Therefore, Theresa can sue him for breaching of contract. If Robert had changed his mind before Theresa had started paying the mortgage, the offer can be revoked any time before the acceptance of Theresa. Hence, Theresa can not sue Robert for  breaching of the contract. If there is the same case, the husband should be careful and consider about his benefit when he decide to transfer the owner ship to his wife. In addition, the wife should get divorced with her husband before making a contract to be sure that she will own the house when she finishes paying the mortgage. IV. Claim 3: There are 3 parties in this case: Tung, Linh and the hotel. Tung is 16 years old and his friend, Linh is 19 years old. In this case, Tung is in minor group and he is unable to make a contract and irresponsible for all he acts. Tung books the hotel as part of the contract he states that all drinks and extra food are to be put on the bill. The hotel asks for a deposit of $500 which Tung pays but does not state his age. In this situation, there is a contract between Tung and the hotel. However, Tung is in minor group so he is unable to make a contract but the hotel didn’t check and care about his age. One night, Linh became hopelessly drunk, did not know what she was doing and damaged hotel hotel property. Linh was in drunkard and she caused the damages for the hotel. Although she was hopelessly drunk, she only needn’t to pay the damages when she was making the contract. According to Law of Torts, Linh caused the damages and did the legal wrong acts. Hence, Linh must pay for the damages which was caused by her in this case. The following day they were asked to leave the hotel. They refused to pay the outstanding bills and the hotel gave them a bill for $10000 for the damage they caused. The contract was made between Tung and the hotel. However, the hotel did’t ask his age and allowed him to hire the room. Hence, this is the hotel’s wrong action and Tung needn’t to pay for the outstanding bill of him and Linh. On the other hand, Tung is in minor group so his parents must pay for the outstanding bills. Therefore, in this case, Linh must pay $ 10.000 for the hotel’s damages. Tung and Linh needn’t to pay for the outstanding bills. However, Tung’s parents must pay for the bill. If Linh made a contract with the hotel and Tung didn’t make it, Linh must pay the outstanding bills for the hotel. Linh is more than 18 years old and she must respond for all her acts. Therefore, the outstanding bill must be paid by Linh and there is no wrong action of the hotel. If there is a similar case, the hotel should ask for the customer’s age before accepting him to hire the room. V. Task 4: Explain the differences among conditions, warranties and innominate terms with examples to illustrate. 1. Conditions:  The condition is defined as a term which is vital to the contract , going to the root of the contract[7]. When a condition is breached, the injured party can sue for the damages. For example, in the case Poussard and Spiers (1876)8, the singer can not sue the company because she breached the condition of the contract. Singing in an opera throughout a series of performance is considered as fundamental to the contract . 2. Warranties: Warranties is a less important term. It does not go to the root of the contract, but is subsidiary to the main purpose of the agreement 8. The warranty terms can be breached without highly important consequences. For example, in the case Bettini and Gye, 1876[8], the breach of the clause is considered as breach of warranty. Hence, the producer must accept the opera singer’s services 3. Innominate terms: The Innominate term is the term which is not a condition term or warranty term. The decision will depend on the nature and effect of the breach. If the effects are serious, the term will act as a condition. In contrast, If the effect of the breach is minor and not serious, the warranty term can be considered. For example, in the case Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd and Kawasaki Ltd(1962)[9] VI. Task 5: What do you understand about law on standard form contracts and give examples. The standard form contract is a standard document prepared by many large organizations and setting out the terms on which they contract with their customers. The individual must usually take it or leave it: he does not really† agree to it†[10]. There are some important features of standard contract. For instance, it’s often used by large corporation or as an attempt to limit liability for damages or losses. The standard form of contract is also used to delayed by the party presenting the standard form agreement[11]. In addition, the company’s representative and customers have no authority to negotiate the standard terms contract. In addition, the standard form contract is also defined as a contract between two parties  that does not allow for negotiation. It is often a contract that is entered into between unequal bargaining partners, such as when an individual is given a contract by the salesperson of a multinational corporation[12]. However, the standard form contract is rarely read. Although the information is discovered, the people might have no time to read it. The expected payoff from reading the contract is low and few people would be expected to read it. However, Standard form contracts may exploit unequal power relations. Once the goods is really important to the customer and they must accept the standard form of contract in order to own the goods. The consumer must accept the standard provisions and does not have the ability to change those terms . This problem may be mitigated if there are many suppliers of the good who can potentially offer different terms. This issue might extenuate if there mare more suppliers who can offer different terms. This is one typical example for standard form of contract: The Franchisee Plaintiffs’ arguments that the forum selection clause is unconscionable and that it is a contract of adhesion may be taken together. â€Å"An unconscionable bargain is one which no man in his senses and not under delusion would make on the one hand, and †¦ no honest and fair man would accept on the other.† The fact that the Franchise Agreement was presented on a take it or leave it basis and was not subject to negotiation renders it neither a contract of adhesion nor unconscionable[13]. VII. Claim 7: 1. The Claim: There are three parties in this case: Thanh, Tung and another party. Thanh won a contract to refurbish a blocks of 20 flats, the work to be completed within 12 weeks. There is a contract between Thanh and another party to refurbish the blocks. He subsequently subcontracted with Binh to install central heating in each of the flats for a fixed price of $20,000; $10,000 of which was to be paid on completion and the rest being paid in weekly installments. In this case, Thanh promised to pay Binh half of money. Binh agreed to complete the work in 12 weeks. There is an agreements between Binh and Thanh. Hence, there is a contract. After 6 weeks, Binh is unable to finish the work in 12 weeks because he had underpriced the work involved. After that, Thanh offered to pay Binh an addition $500 for each flat so long  as they were all furnished before the due completion date. According to Force Majeure, when the parties can foresee that difficulties are likely to arise but the parties can not foresee their precise nature or extent, Force majeure is applied[14]. Thus, it’s Thanh’s duty to pay more money for Binh to work. Binh carried on†¦work on the flats. In this case, Thanh ran out of money and he agreed to pay $5,000 of the money outstanding from the originary agreement. At this time, Binh has a consideration but Thanh didn’t. It’s not an agreement between Binh and Thanh. After that, Thanh awarded a prize $10,000. Thus, it’s Thanh’s duty to pay Binh this amout of money because the contract was made between Binh and Thanh. All in all, Thanh must pay Binh $10,000 of his award prize. 2. The Effects of Exlusion Clause: An exclusion clause is a clause which seeks to release one of the parties from liability should something go wrong with the contract[15]. Sometimes, the contract are unfair with some of the parties. Thus, the exclusion clauses will avoid liability for certain breaches of the contract. An exclusion clause must be incorporated into contract before it has legal effect. There are three ways of exemption clause which might be incorporated into a contract: by signature, reasonable notice and previous course of dealing. When a term is unusual, the attention of other parties is drawn to it when the contract is made. The example is in case Interfoto Picture Ltd and Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd 1988[16]. However, there are some people or organizations who rely on the exclusion clause to make benefit for themselves, the court will interpret any ambiguity. It means that the terms must be clear and specific to be easy for other parties to understand. For example, in the case Hollier and Rambler Motors 1972[17], the acts of the garage can be considered as the negligence. Reference pages: 1. Common law, BPP professional Education 2. Contract Law, Catherine Elliott and Frances Quinn 3. http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/consumer-affairs/consumer-protection/consumer-rights/unfair_terms 4. http://www.bluemaumau.org/contract_adhesion 5. http://www.innovation.gov.au/General/OSB-marketsSection/Pages/WorkingwithContractsStandardformcontracts.aspx 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_form_contract

Psychological approaches to health practice Essay

Explain different psychological approaches to social care practice In this assignment I am going to look at four different psychological approaches and how they can be linked to health and social care situations, two of the approaches will be linked to health care situations and the other two to social care situations. The first approach that I am going to link to a social care situation is the behaviourist perspective, where psychologists explain all human behaviour as resulting from experience. Two of the major psychologists linked with this approach are Pavlov and Skinner and although these two believed that different processes were involved they agreed that behaviour was the result of learning. I am going to concentrate on the work of Skinner. Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American psychologist that worked mainly with pigeons and rats to investigate the important principles of learning new behaviours. He was responsible for a very famous piece of equipment, the Skinner box, whi ch was a box that contained a lever that when pressed released a food pellet. This box reinforced lever pressing behaviour. Once the rat was put inside Skinners box it would sniff and move around and at some point push the lever and release the food pellet. When the rat has pushed the lever many times it will learn that this behaviour, pushing the lever, is followed by the release of the food pellet, the consequence. As the rat would like to have more food the pellet is experienced as reinforcing and this increases the chance of the behaviour being repeated. Skinner also investigated negative reinforcement by running a very small electric current on the floor of the box containing the rat and if the rat pushed the lever then the current would be turned off. This action was negative reinforcement. An example of this is taking a painkiller to relieve the symptoms of a headache which results in the headache going away then you have been negatively reinforced for taking a painkiller. Skinner also investigated that punishment happens when behaviour is followed by a consequence which is an unpleasant experience . He did this by having a box where the rat received a small electric shock when it pushed the lever. The consequence of pushing the lever was unpleasant, an electric shock, so the rat learned not to push the lever. The principles of operant conditioning can be used to create more helpful behaviours and remove the  unhelpful ones. The principles of reinforcement and punishment are a very powerful way to alter a person’s behaviour. This process is sometimes known as behaviour modification. My father uses this approach daily at work as he is a senior prison officer at HMP Wayland to maintain order within the regime and my mother uses the same ideas, for classroom management at Wayland Academy, on a daily basis. In both situations, good behaviour is rewarded and poor behaviour is punished but in very different ways. At Wayland Academy, where I have completed my first work placement, there is a behaviour policy called the Red Card Procedure and it is used in every classroom throughout the school. The policy is a four stage policy designed to promote good classroom behaviour and pupils receive consequences for behaviour that disrupts the learning of other students. The procedure is: Step 1 – Consequence 1 (C1) – The student receives a 10 minute detention for a first occurrence of any behaviour that disrupts others learning. This behaviour can include calling out, unnecessarily demanding the teacher’s time and using foul language. Step 2 – Consequence 2 (C2) – The student receives a 10 minute detention for a second occurrence of any behaviour that disrupts others learning. This means that the student now has a total of 20 minutes detention with the class teacher. Step 3 – Consequence 3 (Time out) – After the third occurrence of disruptive behaviour the student is sent outside the classroom and the teacher goes out and speaks to them privately explaining that they have reached their final chance of remaining in the lesson. If their behaviour is not improved after this they will be removed from the remainder of the lesson and have a 60 minute after school detention the following week. Step 4 – Consequence 4 (R ed Card) – If another example of disruptive behaviour now happens the student is removed from the remainder of the lesson and receives a 60 minute after school detention. The Red Card Procedure works on the same basis as Skinners theory that punishment occurs when behaviour is followed by a consequence that is unpleasant. If the student demonstrates disruptive behaviour then they are punished by the removal of their free time, in the form of detention, and it is hoped that this punishment will teach the student to stop the disruptive behaviour. Aldworth, C. Billingham, M. Lawrence, P. Moonie, N. and Whitehouse, M (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National  Harlow: Pearson Education Limited – Pages 339-340 The second approach that I am going to link to a social care situation is the cognitive perspective where psychologists believe the brain was like a computer system and much work has gone in to understanding the cognitive processes of attention, memory, perception, information processing, thought, problem solving and language. One of the two main psychologists within this approach, that I am going to talk about, is George Kel ly. He developed a very unique psychological theory known as the Psychology of Personal Construct where he saw the individual as a experimenter, making their predictions about the future, testing them and if they need to they revise them according to new evidence. For example if an individual becomes deaf in their middle age then it might be likely that they withdraw from society and become isolated. On the other hand if they interpret it as a challenge then they may try and find new and exciting ways to work around the deafness and continue with a fulfilling life. Individuals with learning difficulties may experience frustration within their daily lives as they seek to make sense of confusing experiences. The cognitive approach can help individuals with learning difficulties in misunderstood situations, by identifying irrational thoughts, an individual can be a guide to change them, with consequent benefits on their emotions and behaviour. This work can improve an individual’s self-esteem and reduce outbursts which may be caused by a lack of understanding of the requirements that are needed for a situation. While I was on placement at Wayland Academy, I worked with the Year 7 Gold Group, which is a nurture group. The individuals in thi s nurture group all have certain learning difficulties . The group is limited to a maximum of 15 students so the staff have enough time within a lesson to go around and help everyone understand the lesson objectives and stop them from becoming frustrated. For example, one of the students within the classroom has Aspergers Syndrome which is a form of autism but it differs from other conditions on the autism spectrum by its relative preservation of linguistic and cognitive development. The teacher and classroom assistant have certain strategies to allow this student to access learning. While they are sitting and working with him they are continually refocusing his attention on to the required task, and this may involve moving the work into his eyeline if he has become distracted. Another strategy is to repeat and reword the given  task until the student has understood fully. The teacher and the classroom assistant knows when the student has understood because when he has understood he responds to them in full sentences and when he is still struggling he only gives one word answers. Aldworth, C. Billingham, M. Lawrence, P. Moonie, N. and Whitehouse, M (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National Harlow: Pearson Education Limited – Pages 350-351 and 359-361 http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Asperger’s-Syndrome.htm Now I am going to move on and look at health care situations and the first psychological approach I am going to look at is the humanistic perspective. Humanistic psychology looks at the human experience from an individual’s viewpoint and uses the idea of free will and that everyone is free to make choices. One of the two psychologists I am going to talk about is Carl Rodgers and was very interested in the whole idea concept of self. Self-concept looks at the way each individual views themselves, this includes biological and physical attributes. Self-concept is noticed at a young age, when children internalise other individual’s judgements about them and think it is true. For example if a child gets called naughty or silly throughout their childhood then their self-concept will contain these aspects and possibly shape their future in a negative way. On the other hand if a child is praised and encouraged to succeed then they will have a positive self-concept and will try better at what they do because they start to see themselves as worthwhile. Carl Rodgers is famous for forming a particular type of counselling which is based on unconditional positive regard from the counsellor, to try and help the patient gain a more positive sense of self. Unconditional positive regard refers to the idea that the counsellor supports and validates the individual’s experiences, feelings, beliefs and emotions unconditionally, whether good or bad. Over time this helps the patient accept themselves and think more positively about who they are. One of the features of this approach to helping others is to develop empathy. Empathy is the opposite of sympathy where you would feel sorry for an individual empathy us to really listen to the individual and be in tune with their emotions, and respect them for who they are This is not always easy to do because as we may not understand why the individual feels so bad about themselves about an issue we may be able to easily discharge. Nevertheless, if we try to respect the individual we maybe working with then we might start to understand the importance to them and we can become closer to displaying empathy. True empathy requires us to move aside all judgements we may have and as the saying goes ‘Put ourselves in their shoes’. Like empathy, understanding is of critical importance when applying this perspective to health care practices. Rodgers frequently referred to more then just understanding at an intellectual level: he talks about empathetic understanding which means using your own emotions and sensitivity to become a more effective person to help any individual. A lot of the time many people allow their own personal experiences and personal judgements get in the way of helping the individual by saying â€Å"Well, that’s not a problem – they should just pull themselves together! I have dealt with worse myself.† This can turn into a major barrier between patient and counsellor, instead of creating a barrier counsellors use useful questions like; How does that make you feel? Can you identify what you are afraid of? Could you tell me a little bit more about that? That seemed to upset you? All of these questions enable the individual to break down the problem without realising it so it helps the counsellor what to say and what to suggest for the next step. It has been shown , by a recent study in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical, that cognitive behaviour therapy for adherence and depression can be effective for decreasing depression and increasing adherence to medication in HIV-infected drug users. The intervention group received 9 treatment sessions over a period of 3 months, involving informational, problem-solving, and cognitive behavioral steps. At each step, the participants and the therapist collaboratively defined the problem, generated alternative solutions, made decisions about the solutions, and developed a plan for implementing them. At post-treatment, the intervention group showed significant improvements and showed a significant reduction in symptoms of depression. Depression and substance abuse are the most comorbid disorders associated with HIV-inf ection, and it is suggested that even a small change in adherence can result in improved outcomes for HIV patients. The results of this study suggest that the  integration of cognitive behavior therapy into substance abuse counseling may be useful for decreasing depression and improving adherence to medication (with continued sessions) in HIV-infected patients with a history of injection drug use. Aldworth, C. Billingham, M. Lawrence, P. Moonie, N. and Whitehouse, M (2010) Health and Social Care Level 3 Book 1 BTEC National Harlow: Pearson Education Limited – Pages 348, 349 and 357 http://www.beckinstituteblog.org/2013/03/cbt-is-effective-for-adherence-and-depression-in-hiv-infected-injection-drug-users/ The second approach I am going to discuss in relation to a health care situation is the social learning perspective. The social learning perspective is where influences happen on our behaviour from the environment around us, for example; from peers, siblings, parents, sports personalities, television and other celebrities. According to this theory role models have a huge impact on an individual’s life. While we may learn our behaviour from observing another person behave and imitating what they do, behaviour is strongly influenced by the way we perceive the role model performing the behaviour. Albert Bandura was one of the theorists within the social learning approach and he developed observational learning, which is learning behaviour from watching and observing others such as television personalities. The individual we learn from, known as the role model, and the process of imitating their behaviour is called modelling. However we do not imitate all behaviour we have observed, because it is in our interests to imitate particular behaviour influenced by the actions of the role model. If we see our role model being punished and we do not like the way they have been punished then we as individuals are less likely to repeat that behaviour, on the other hand if they have been positively reinforced and the individual sees that then they are more likely to repeat that behaviour. As above role models play a huge part in influencing behaviour of those who observe them. For example Jamie Oliver the celebrity chef has had a huge impact on primary schools around the UK, with his School Dinners Project he has managed to get local authorities to re-introduce freshly cooked meals rather than pre-cooked because they are far healthier for the human body providing the correct nutrients for a child’s needs. He has also, through his Food Foundation created the Kitchen Garden Project which educates primary school children about the joys of growing and cooking from scratch.

Free Essays on American Capitalism Anarchism Vs Liberalism

, he wrote them with the intent of establishing a new government that would not give anyone favoritism over others. After 224 years, this idea is still believed in by the citizens of America, but not practiced by their government. As the years passed, the values of America have slowly altered to materialism. The people trusted our government to make the best decisions for the entire country, but some decisions seem to favor the wealthiest citizens rather than all of the citizens. Not to say that the government is completely corrupt, but their priorities seem to have a monetary value, and they must pay for it some how. As a country with a capitalist government, one that has the main focus of making profit through free markets, money has an unfortunately big influence on policies that are made by the government. According to the public, which was based on middle-class adults in the US, business editors and college students, the general consensus came out to be that they believed that " capitalism must be altered before any significant improvements in human welfare can be realized." This can be seen throughout history in the positions taken by the government about free... Free Essays on American Capitalism Anarchism Vs Liberalism Free Essays on American Capitalism Anarchism Vs Liberalism Chaim H. Respes American Capitalism â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." (Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence) When Thomas Jefferson wrote these words, he wrote them with the intent of establishing a new government that would not give anyone favoritism over others. After 224 years, this idea is still believed in by the citizens of America, but not practiced by their government. As the years passe d, the values of America have slowly altered to materialism. The people trusted our government to make the best decisions for the entire country, but some decisions seem to favor the wealthiest citizens rather than all of the citizens. Not to say that the government is completely corrupt, but their priorities seem to have a monetary value, and they must pay for it some how. As a country with a capitalist government, one that has the main focus of making profit through free markets, money has an unfortunately big influence on policies that are made by the government. According to the public, which was based on middle-class adults in the US, business editors and college students, the general consensus came out to be that they believed that "capitalism must be altered before any significant improvements in human welfare can be realized." This can be seen throughout history in the positions taken by the government about free...

Leadership in ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership in ethics - Essay Example The only area where ethics and research goes well is in areas where the people involved are professional and consequently have an obligation while carrying out their activities. This change in genes is known as gene-environment contact and is very critical in leadership determination. There are areas where ethics may go wrong or fail to present the results previously expected in a research and the researchers are forced to lie. One of these areas is in the field of science. The field is quite challenging and this is because of the many processes involved. When these scientists find out that they do not have the ability to go through all the processes they end up presenting fraud information that is a non-ethical activity. The corruption is an identification of a genotype that does not have leadership traits (Neve, 2013). Another area where the ethics may fail in research is in the field of catering. Catering is critical in every society and consequently people get to live better lives. Ethics fails in this environment and this is because some people fail to treat their customers in a noble

Financial aspects of business an overiew Assignment

Financial aspects of business an overiew - Assignment Example For sale traders, the liability is unlimited and the personal assets can be used to repay the liabilities of the business. It is important for sole traders to maintain their accounts in order to have an idea about the performance of the business. It would enable the owner to have an idea about the present debt condition of the business. It would also enable in keeping a track on the total sales and purchases of the goods and services. It is essential to keep and maintain accounts because it helps in maintenance of transparency of the business transactions. It also reduces the existence of flaws in any decision making by the trader. Partnership business is conducting business activities together by two or more partners and earning and sharing the profit earned from the business operations. In case of partnership business, the company needs to maintain its book of accounts in order to have a clear and transparent disclosure of all the business activities to all the business partners. I t would also enable assessment of profitability of the company followed by its division among all the business partners. It is very important to keep a track on all the financial transactions of the partnership business in order to maintain its stability. ... There are a large number of complex financial transactions taking place every day. It is very essential to keep a track on each and every transaction taking place (Glynn ?and Murphy 22). Thus, the significance of maintaining accounts by a company is very high. It would display the exact financial position of the company in the market and disclose the profit or loss incurred by it. It would also help in keeping a track on the total assets and liabilities of the company. Question 2 a.1) Trading Account Trading Account Debit Credit Particulars Amount (in ?) Particulars Amount (in ?) To opening stock 2000 By Sales 95414 To Purchases 57580 By Closing Stock 2745 To Wages 11438       To Gross Profit 27141       Total 98159 Total 98159 a.2) Profit and Loss Account Profit and Loss Account Debit Credit Particulars Amount (in ?) Particulars Amount (in ?) To rent 2650 By Gross Profit 27141 To heat and light 3698       To sundry expenses 950       To Net Profit 19843       Tot al 27141 Total 27141 b) Balance Sheet as on 31st December 2012 Balance Sheet Liabilities Amount (in ?) Assets Amount (in ?) Capital 24770 Fixed Assets    (+)Net Profit 19843 Premises 35000 (-)Drawings 2000 Oven and Equipment 9560    42613 Delivery Van 9580 Long term Debt 20440    54140 Current Liabilities    Current assets    Creditors 2000 Debtors 3098       Bank 620       Cash 4450       Closing Stock 2745          10913 Total 65053 Total 65053 c) Importance of double entry book keeping Double entry book keeping suggests that there should be double entry for each and every transaction into the books of accounts (Miner 21). This method of book keeping helps in dealing in a special way with the opening as well as closing balances at